Monofásico Potencia Análisis
Analice cargas de potencia residenciales y comerciales ligeras. Calcule el perfil energético total más allá del vataje simple.
Entradas del Sistema
CA Monofásica
El resultado se actualiza en tiempo real a medida que ingresa los parámetros.
Las Fórmulas del Triángulo de Potencia
La potencia de CA monofásica tiene tres componentes — real, reactiva y aparente — que forman el triángulo de potencia.
Potencia Real (kW)
P = V × I × PF La potencia que realmente realiza trabajo — medida en kilovatios. Esto es lo que le cobra su factura eléctrica.
Potencia Reactiva (kVAR)
Q = V × I × sin(θ) Potencia almacenada y liberada por cargas inductivas y capacitivas. Provoca corriente sin realizar trabajo útil, aumentando las pérdidas en los cables.
Potencia Aparente (kVA)
S = V × I = √(P² + Q²) La potencia total que debe entregar el suministro — la suma vectorial de la potencia real y reactiva. Se usa para dimensionar generadores y transformadores.
Understanding Single-Phase AC Power
Single-phase AC power is the standard supply for residential buildings and light commercial facilities. Unlike DC, AC voltage reverses direction periodically (50 or 60 times per second), which enables efficient voltage transformation but introduces the concept of power factor — the relationship between the voltage and current waveforms.
The Power Triangle
Real power (kW), reactive power (kVAR), and apparent power (kVA) form a right triangle. The angle θ between the apparent and real power vectors is the phase angle — and the cosine of this angle is the power factor. A PF of 1.0 means the triangle collapses to a straight line: all apparent power is real power.
What Causes Low Power Factor?
- Induction Motors: The most common cause. Motors use reactive power to build rotating magnetic fields. Lightly loaded motors have worse PF than fully loaded ones.
- Transformers at Light Load: The magnetizing current drawn by transformer cores is largely reactive.
- Fluorescent Lighting (older ballasts): Magnetic ballasts introduce significant reactive current. Electronic ballasts largely solve this.
- Variable Speed Drives: Can improve motor PF but introduce harmonic distortion which has its own effects on the supply.
Power Factor Correction
Low power factor can be corrected by adding capacitor banks in parallel with inductive loads. Capacitors supply reactive power locally, reducing the reactive current that must flow from the utility. This reduces cable losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids utility penalties for industrial customers with PF below 0.9.